This is a study finding that physiological smartphone withdrawal doesn't exist. Smartphone dependence is merely "psychological-behavioural," and you can develop a psychologically dependent relationship with anything. Being dependant on your girlfriend doesn't make you "addicted" to her. Please, find 10 more studies—this is making my point for me.
Again, I'm not saying our relationship with smartphones is healthy. I'm saying addiction is a specific thing, and this isn't it. Getting strung out on heroin is not anything like using your phone too much.
Thanks for proving my point! Insomnia and sleep deprivation are highly dependent on both psychological and physiological factors. You want studies for that too? Every addiction stems from some combination of psychology and biology because the the brain factors into everything we do, consciously or sub-consciously. What about addiction to porn, not a real thing I guess?
Again, I'm not saying our relationship with smartphones is healthy. I'm saying addiction is a specific thing, and this isn't it. Getting strung out on heroin is not anything like using your phone too much.