Joel covered this[1] topic over 20 years ago (!!) and we still regularly see "senior" programmers who just casually think of text as a string and strings as text, and that's all there is to it. I still regularly see websites full of ????? and U+FFFD and apostrophes becoming ’ everywhere.

1: https://www.joelonsoftware.com/2003/10/08/the-absolute-minim...