I’m not sure why “outside the US” is a factor here, but nearly every bank in the world. Some only require email verification, some don’t even require that.
There are banking systems in some countries that do not even require an ATM/Debit card for automated withdrawals, just an account number and grouping code.
It's fascinating that people have had such different experiences here.
In my entire life, I have never banked anywhere that would let you transact or log in with just a desktop browser. You seem to be convinced this is an edge case but every bank in Europe works this way, as far as I know. There are US financial institutions that would do this, but the US financial system is uniquely fraud prone to a level just not tolerated elsewhere. It lagged years behind on chip-and-PIN cards for instance, and largely never managed to roll it out. The US treats bank account numbers as credentials and other stuff that doesn't apply elsewhere.
Just look at this thread: plenty of people saying what I'm saying. If you bank somewhere that lets people use just a browser to do transactions, you're either in an environment where fraud doesn't matter at all, or you're with a bad bank and should leave them.
Have you considered that Europe is a fractional part of the world with close international relationships to its geographical neighbors and does not represent the rest of the world's experiences?
You mention the US as lagging behind Europe, which is true - but I assure you from my experience working in international fintech from the US, there are more people in the world than the entire population of my country with even worse banking security controls by default.
There are banking systems in some countries that do not even require an ATM/Debit card for automated withdrawals, just an account number and grouping code.