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A nonce is not a key, it's a piece of random that is meant to be used at most once.

If an attacker sees valid nonces on a VM, and knows of another VM sharing the same nonces, then your crypto on both* VMs becomes vulnerable to replay attacks.

*read: all



How would a reply attack work in production assuming multiple VMs share a nonce?


You record the traffic going to one VM and send it to another, which will now accept it because the nonce is the same.


“Number ONCE”. NONCE. Indeed.




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