There _sort-of_ is. You can pull from registries other than Docker Hub (these can be run by anyone with the will and resources to do so -- GHCR is a popular one), though these may have their own usage restrictions.
You can run your own following Docker's own guide here[0] if you'd like. It's not peer-to-peer in the sense that the lines between clients and servers are blurred, as with torrenting, but it allows for a distributed registry architecture, which I think is the part that matters here.
I don't think it would be possible out of the box: Docker pulls assume a direct HTTP download for the image. It would be pretty cool to build a proxy that acts as a torrent client for images however it would be a lot less ergonomic to use on top of the security risk of tags not being checksums.
I would be happy to give back to the community by hosting a container p2p host.
would that be even possible out of the box?