Long ago I broke my collarbone in a bicycle race. It's a common injury in the sport so I got a referral to a surgeon from another racer who'd had a fracture of his own surgically repaired. To my surprise, she took a very conservative course of action. The clavicle had broken pretty cleanly in half and the outer half had settled in about an inch inward underneath the inner half. You might think that would be a good candidate for surgery so the bone could have been moved back into the old position with the help of a plate. But she thought it would be best if I came back in a few weeks and see if it had healed on its own. To my amazement, it did heal so that now I have a weird knob in my clavicle but the bone feels as strong as the never broken side. The recovery was tough though and took years. At times I wished I'd had it surgically repaired but now I admire my surgeon's restraint. She correctly diagnosed that I didn't need surgery to recover even though she had no personal relationship to me and a financial incentive to operate. But I also saw that since she operated on my friend that she would operate if she deemed it necessary. Thus I believe that she actually evaluated each case carefully on its own. Unfortunately, the tendency towards pushing patients into lucrative active interventions (like surgeries) does seem common even if it isn't the rule.