It seems the missing things when considering food composition is absorption and availability.
Calories alone are measured by burning things but it maters if your body has to do work to access those calories.
The more processed or broken down an ingredient is the more available those calories are to the body vs the same amount in its raw form.
I suspect, but don’t know, that liquid sugar in sodas is far worse than in fruit form because your digestive system isn’t processing fibre to get to it.
Think sweetcorn vs cornbread. They could have the same calories but processing cornflour means you’re unlikely to see it again in undigested form. That same can’t be said for raw sweetcorn.
Calories alone are measured by burning things but it maters if your body has to do work to access those calories.
The more processed or broken down an ingredient is the more available those calories are to the body vs the same amount in its raw form.
I suspect, but don’t know, that liquid sugar in sodas is far worse than in fruit form because your digestive system isn’t processing fibre to get to it.
Think sweetcorn vs cornbread. They could have the same calories but processing cornflour means you’re unlikely to see it again in undigested form. That same can’t be said for raw sweetcorn.