you send your order to your broker/dealer, they send it to their OMS, which sends it to Citadel, who sends it to their internalisation engine..
All of these messages, including order Identifiers to create the linkages are sent to FINRA.
So your broker sends order "123ABC" to Citadel, FINRA gets this and can trace your order back up and down the "stack" however they want.
As an example, according to the NYSE FIX Spec, this is 54 (Side) = 8 (Cross).
This is how they are able to "internalise", by crossing retail flow vs their house account.
CATNMS https://www.catnmsplan.com/ helps with this.
Also, the trades were done prior to CAT. I suspect it’s from Blue Sheets.
If you combine crosses with OATS you can still get some of the data you are looking for, just not as cleanly as with CAT.