I live in Israel. Doctors work 26 hours shifts 6-8 times a month.
In practice, in many departments it's worse. When needed it will be 28-30 but without pay for the extra hours because it's illegal (doctors are expected
not to leave when it people are at risk...but it is illegal to stay so they just sign off and continue working)
During recovery time after long shifts, doctors may be waken by phone call (when things are urgent, or when somebody in the department is just annoying)
There is some variation, between hospitals and departments. Some departments will have quiet hours that allow sleep. Others, like Gynecology don't (births generally can't wait till morning)
The short answer would be money and politics. But to be fair keep in mind that compared to the US Israel's public healthcare is very subsidized and may be better for the average person. (Israel has less variance in the level of care, US may put people at risk by limiting access to hospitals)
